Oxford Aromatherapy

Some information about Essential Oils and their uses

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What is an Essential Oil ?

Aromatherapy is the art and science of using essential oils in a treatment. René Maurice Gattefossé, a French chemist, first coined the term ‘aromatherapy’ in the 1920’s. However, the knowledge of how to extract and apply essential oils is a very ancient art indeed. The ancient Egyptian, Persian, Indian, Chinese and Arab cultures made use of many aromatic oils.

Essential oils are the volatile, aromatic oils obtained by steam or hydro distillation of botanical material.  Most essential oils are primarily composed of terpenes and their oxygenated derivatives.  Different parts of the plants can be used to obtain essential oils, including the flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, stems, bark, wood, etc.   Certain cold-pressed oils, such as the oils from various citrus peels, are also considered to be essential oils but these are not to be confused with cold-pressed fixed or carrier oils such as olive, almond, grape seed, apricot kernel, borage, avocado, jojoba, evening primrose, etc. which are non-volatile oils composed mainly of fatty acid triglycerides.  Other aromatic, plant-derived oils, which technically aren't essential oils because they are solvent extracted, include Absolutes (hexane followed by ethanol extraction), CO2's (liquid carbon dioxide used as the solvent) and Phytols or Florosols (flouro-hydrocarbon solvent).

Essential oils are extracted from flowers; herbs; spices; woods and fibres, usually by distillation, expression and solvent extraction.

All the oils used are from recognised suppliers and have the scientific name of the plant on the bottle.

Oils are blended with a carrier oil such as almond oil or grape seed oil. The latter is used if the person is allergic to nuts.

See also: http://www.scenttherapy.com/index.asp

Some Aromatherapy oils and their benefits. This list and contents are being continually updated as information is obtained.

Information provided Oxford Aromatherapy on aromatherapy oils and blends is does not guarantee complete or accurate information.  The information is to be considered educational only.   Consult your doctor or trained aromatherapy practitioner before using.

• Absinthe: Artemisca absinthum is above all a stomach medicine, being useful for indigestion, gastric pain, and lack of appetite, as well as the related problems of heartburn and flatulence, fevers, dysentery, asthma, burns, anaemia. It is also said to be helpful for liver insufficiency by stimulating liver and gallbladder secretions, jaundice. Anthelmintic, choleretic, deodorant, emmenagogue, febrifuge, insect repellent, narcotic, stimulant (digestive), tonic. Absinthe blends well with jasmine, orange and lavender. Pure Absinthe oil is poisonous. Relatively small doses may cause nervous disorders, convulsions, insomnia, nightmares, and other symptoms. Not commonly used by Aromatherapists.

• Anethi: Anethum sowa - Oil made bt steam distilation from the seeds of a plant also known as East Indian Dill. Freshh sweet herbaceous scent.

• Angelica: for respiratory problems and as a tonic for digestive systems, helps coughs and colds

• Anise or Aniseed Pimpanella anisum: Top Note. Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, expectorant, galactogogue, stimulant, stomachic. Effective with the digestive system. It may be used to relieve dyspepsia, colic and flatulence in individuals with gas accumulation or those suffering from nauseous migraines. A massage of the digestive area when blended with peppermint, nutmeg and carrier oil, is quite soothing. It can also be helpful when massaged onto sore muscles or joints.It is also recommended for those with heart palpitations and any breathing difficulty from upper respiratory conditions. Expectorant useful for bronchitis and spasmodic asthma. It is said to increase Qi, restoring cardiac and respiratory functions while stimulating the lungs and expelling phlegm.

• Amber: a rare and highly sought after scent and a natural perfume or as a relaxing bath oil. Additionally, you may mix it with sweet almond oil, jojoba oil or your favourite vegetable oil to make your own amber massage or body oil. Amber Essence Oil is also the perfect base oil for your own essential oil blends. Enjoyed by both men and women for its sensuous nature. It also may be used as a reliever of stress or anxiety, or to calm the mind for meditation or clear thinking

• Basil Ocimum basilicum Top note: A liquorice-like scent that is stimulating. Colourless to light yellow. For reparatory infections, treatment of mouth ulcers, stimulating, good for mental fatigue and migraines, also for wasp stings and snake bites. It is useful for its antispasmodic properties which is beneficial to the respiratory system and can aid in relieving sinus congestion, asthma, bronchitis, influenza, or whooping cough. It is also beneficial for all types of fevers.. It is best if used for conditions when there is fatigue, cold and/or depression present. Basil is also useful for digestive disorders such as vomiting, gastric spasms, nausea, dyspepsia and hiccups. Analgesic, antidepressant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, nervine, sudorific, immune stimulant. Restorative, tonic, antidepressant, refreshing, uplifting, fortifying, purifying, clearing, warming, cephalic, and stupefying (in excess). Its active principles include methyl-chavicol, linalol, cineol, eugenol, pinene and camphor. Basil also makes a good massage oil for tired, overworked muscles and is often used by athletes, dancers, and others involved in strenuous physical activities. The chavicol version of basil is somewhat of an irritant, especially to the skin, and can be be stupifying in large doses. Use in moderation and avoid use over a long-period of time. Avoid during pregnancy or with a history of estrogen-dependent cancer.

• Benzoin Styrax benzoin: contains vanillin which gives it a creamy aroma. Soothing and comforting. Add to massage oil for penetrating/warming winter rub. A useful protection against roughened skin, especially for those who work outdoors. May need warming.

• Bergamot: for fevers, tension, wounds, stress, anti-depressant, ingredient in Earl Grey Tea. Hot compress  treatment of boils

• Birch: treatment RSI, cellulite, inflamed tendons (tenosynovitis),  Has a cortisone-like action and is beneficial for bone, muscle and joint discomfort. It has been helpful in decreasing pain from arthritis, tendonitis, and rheumatism.

• Birch Bud: diuretic, blood-cleanser and skin treatment, dermatitis boils and ulcers

• Black Pepper: for muscular pain, analgesic, digestive stimulant, warming

• Cardamon (or Cardamom): digestive aid, used in India as aphrodisiac

• Cajeput: inhalation for colds and reparatory infections

• Carrot Seed Daucus carota: Middle Note. Wood-earthy, herbaceous scent that is slightly spicy-sweet, dry and warm.  Carminative, cytophylactic, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, hepatic, stimulant, anathematic, antiseptic, tonic, vasodilatory, smooth muscle relaxant. An excellent blood purifier due to its detoxifying effect on the liver. Used to treat jaundice and hepatitis, and is reputed to increase red blood corpuscles. Traditionally, it has been used to boost the general action of all organs, including the kidney and gallbladder. May be helpful for anaemia, accumulation of toxins, arthritis, gout, oedema, rheumatism, colic, anorexia, indigestion and liver congestion. It may also assist in glandular problems and PMS or hormonal imbalances.Clearing effect on the mind and can help relieve feelings of stress and exhaustion. In skin care it can improve the complexion due to its stimulating effect on red blood cells and add tone and elasticity as well. It is useful for weeping sores, ulcers, vitiligo, pruritis, boils, carbuncles, eczema, and psoriasis.

• Cananga Cananga odorata - another name for Ylang Ylang

• Cassia  (Cinnamomum cassia) is a slender evergreen native to Southeast China as well as Vietnam and India. Also know as Chinese Cinnamon, Cassia has a long history of traditional use. Today, the warm, spicy aroma of Cassia Oil is popular in aromatherapy and is often a component of potpourri. This essential oil is steam-distilled and 100% pure.Not for topical use.  Do not use during pregnancy. Reported to be the Natural Lipase Inhibitor for Losing Weight Safely and Effectively. Stomachic, carminative, mildly astringent, said to be emmenagogue and capable of decreasing the secretion of milk. The tincture is useful in uterine haemorrhage and menorrhagia, the doses of 1 drachm being given every 5, 10 or 20 minutes as required. It is chiefly used to assist and flavour other drugs, being helpful in diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, and to relieve flatulence. Not widely used by UK Aromatherapists.

• Cederwood, Virginian: acne, arthritis, bronchitis, coughs, cystitis, dandruff, dermatitis, insect repellent, vaginal infections, stress, men's toiletries 

• Celery: for depression especially associated with rheumatoid arthritis, gout.  God for liver and digestive system or an an emmenagogue (helps irregular menstruation)

• Celery Seed: Apium graveolens -  China, Hungary, India, Netherlands, USA. Yellowish to greenish brown liquid with a pleasant aromatic odour.he seeds are used in steam distillation to produce the oil. Uses: amenorrhea, arthritis, dyspepsia, flatulence, gout, indigestion, jaundice, liver congestion, rheumatism.

• Cempaka (tropical magnolia): an oil used mainly in Indonesia for stress relief

• Chamomile German:  Abscesses, allergies, arthritis, boils, colic, cuts, cystitis, dermatitis, dysmenorrhoea, earache, flatulence, hair, headache, inflamed skin, insect bites, insomnia, nausea, neuralgia, PMS, rheumatism, sores, sprains, strains, stress, wounds.

• Chamomile Roman: Abscesses, allergies, arthritis, boils, colic, cuts, cystitis, dermatitis, dysmenorrhoea, earache, flatulence, hair, headache, inflamed skin, insect bites, insomnia, nausea, neuralgia, PMS, rheumatism, sores, sprains, strains, stress, wounds

• Cinnamon:  Warming good for poor circulation, aches and pains and following illness. Can be a skin irritant and great care must be used especially with old people

• Cornmint: another name for Peppermint oil.

• Coriander Coriandrum Sativum:   This oil, as shown in research to lower glucose levels by normalizing insulin levels and supporting pancreas function. It also has anti-inflammatory and sedative properties.

• Clary Sage: for depression, nerves, sore throats. Normally used instead of Sage.

• Clove: toothache, asthma, nervous tension, sedative

• Devil's Claw: Rheumatism, arthritis and other inflammatory conditions

• Cypress: menopausal problems, rheumatism, haemorrhoids, astringent

• Elimi: excellent skin care oil, anti-stress

• Fenugreek, Trigonella foenum-graecum: A herb native to southern Europe and Asia. One of the oldest cultivated medicinal plants,  widely grown today in the Mediterranean countries, Argentina, France, India, North Africa, and the United States as a food, condiment, medicinal, dye, and forage plant. Diosgenin, a steroid sapogenin found in fenugreek but currently isolated from Dioscorea species, is the starting compound for over 60% of the total steroid production by the pharmaceutical industry. Other sapogenins found in fenugreek seed include yamogenin, gitogenin, tigogenin, and neotigogens. Other constituents of fenugreek include mucilage, bitter fixed oil, volatile oil, and the alkaloids choline and trigonelline. Extract of fenugreek is obtained by alcoholic extraction. As a medicinal plant, fenugreek is considered a carminative, demulcent, expectorant, laxative, and stomachic. The plant has also been employed against bronchitis, fevers, sore throats, wounds swollen glands, skin irritations, diabetes, ulcers, and in the treatment of cancer.  Has been used to promote lactation and as an aphrodisiac. Fenugreek is generally recognized as safe for human consumption as a spice or natural seasoning and as a plant extract.

• Dill: flatulence, pains, Amenorrhea

• Eucalyptus: there are about 300 varieties of eucalyptus.  The Blue Gum of Australia is good for congestion, powerful bacterial and antiviral. Relives pain in rheumatism, muscular aches and fibrosis. Deters mosquitoes

• Fennel: Diuretic and urinary tract antiseptic. Treats cellulites. Regulates menstrual cycle

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• Fir Silver (Abies alba): Clearing, refreshing and restoring. From the Siberian fir tree, the distinctive and refreshing pine-forest fragrance has an affinity with the respiratory system and helps to maintain clear sinuses. When used in massage, Silver Fir oil is easing and soothing to muscles and joints.

• Frankincense (Olibanun): for calming emotions, asthma, bronchitis, coughs, scars, stress, stretch marks

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• Frangipani  (Plumeria alba): Oil originates from  India,  extracted from the flowers. Also known as plumeria. Refreshes and assists in deep cleansing, although often chosen purely for it's scent. Avoid in pregnancy, on babies, and children. Frangipani absolute has a heavy, sweet, floral-green aroma, with a soft spicy background. 

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• Galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua): Strengthening, relaxing and soothing. Galbanum has an intensely green-leaf type fragrance that works on the emotional system to balance and promote stability in a stressful world. Highly beneficial when used in massage to relax and soothe tense or tight muscles.

• Geranium: Menopausal problems & PMS, acne, cellulites, dull skin, lice, oily skin

• Geranium Bourbon (Pelargonium graveolens): Balancing and stabilising. Produced in the Reunion Islands, the fragrance of this oil is considered by most experts to be superior to all other sources of Geranium. Therapeutically, the range of properties are the same as Egyptian Geranium, but Bourbon oil is preferred by many Aromatherapists.

• Ginger: Aching muscles, arthritis, nausea, poor circulation, colds,  'flu and diarrhoea.

A variety of Ginger, Spice Gardens, Penang, Malaysia Feb 04

• Grapefruit: Good for cellulite, detoxifier, reduces aches & stiffness especially in athletes. Good for acne and oily skin, antidepressant. "sunny oil" mentally enlivening. Not a photosensitiser like other citrus based oils (i.e. can be used when exposure to the sun is expected)

• Helichrysum (Immortelle) Helichrysum italicum base note: Anti-allergenic, anti-spasmodic anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antitussive, antispetic, astringent, cholagogue, expectorant, fungicidal, hepatic, and nervine.Main constituents:  Nerol, neryl acetate, geraniol, pinene, linalool, isovaleric aldehyde, sesquiterpenes, furfurol, eugenol.It is a great remedy for depression as it lifts the spirits.  Also good for debility, lethargy, nervous exhaustion and stress due to its strengthening effects on the nervous system.Helpful for circulatory disorders; it can relieve the pain of rheumatism and arthritis and has a beneficial effect on colds, flue, bronchitis, coughs and asthma.  Its regenerating qualities can assist in healing scars,  acne, dermatitis, stretch marks, oils, and abscesses.  It also supports the digestive system, reducing liver and spleen congestion. Avoid in pregnancy. Possible irritant to sensitive skin or in strong dilution. Do not continue use for more than a few days at one time.

• Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis  Middle Note: Bruises, colds, coughs, sore throat and asthma when used as an inhalant. Cold compress on bruises. Liquefies mucus and relives bronchial spasms.  Makes a very good air purifier, protecting the room from infection.  Regulatory effect on the circulatory system and helps to raise low blood pressure.  As a tonic, it acts as a mild laxative to the digestive system, relieving stomach cramps and helping to expel wind and worms (used as a compress).  Also relieves menstrual problems associated with water retention and is effective for treating amenorrhoea and leucorrhoea.  It is also good for bruises, dermatitis, and eczema.  Hot compresses can aid with rheumatism. Hyssop enhances feelings of alertness and mental clarity.  It also eases emotional pain by bringing deep feelings into focus.  Toxic due to its pinocamphone content so should be used in low dosages.  Not for epilepsy, high blood pressure, or pregnancy.

• Inula: aA rarely used and expensive oil, but is a powerful mucolytic and beaks down mucus

• Jasmine: Depression, dry skin, exhaustion, labour pains, sensitive skin, coughs, convalescence tonic.

• Juniper Berry: Used for cellulites, gout, haemorrhoids, obesity, rheumatism, toxin build-up.

• Laurel leaf: Positive effects on the lymphatic system, for rheumatism.

• Lavender: Good for relaxation, acne, allergies, anxiety, asthma, athlete's foot, bruises, burns, chicken pox, colic, cuts, cystitis, depression, dermatitis, earache, flatulence, headache, hypertension, insect bites, insect repellent, itching, labour pains, migraine, oily skin, rheumatism, scabies, scars, sores, sprains, strains, stress, stretch marks,  whooping cough. Oil can be used directly on burns and will help with healing and reduce scarring. There are many varieties of Lavender including:

 

• Lavender Bulgarian Lavandula angustifolia . Bulgarian Lavender has a slightly different fragrance to the French type, often having a more full-bodied aroma. However, in action it is very similar to French Lavender and it has the same range of therapeutic properties.

• Lavender Croatian Lavandula angustifolia  The Lavender oil produced in Croatia has a sharper, more camphoraceous fragrance . Due to the variations in its natural chemical components, Croatian Lavender is slightly more antiseptic and stimulating.

• Lavender English Lavandula angustifolia. At the turn of the century, Lavender grown in the United Kingdom was considered to be the finest in the world.

• Lavender French Lavandula angustifolia  Cultivated throughout Europe, the oil produced in France is the most popular, with an almost endless list of therapeutic uses. This highly versatile oil eases tired muscles, balances head tension and soothes sensitive skin. 

• Lavender High Altitude Lavandula angustifolia  Lavender grown at high altitudes exhibits the highest total ester content - 52% (linalyl, terpenyl, lavandulyl and geranyl acetates) which makes it the most relaxing of all the Lavenders. This oil appears to have the ability to uplift the mind whilst being relaxing to the body. French high altitude Lavender oil has a well balanced fragrance that is superior to many others, and is often the choice of the aromatherapist.

• Lavandin: A wild form of lavender with similar properties but lass of a sedative.

• Lemon: Good for digestive problems, lowers blood pressure, and a tonic. Removes corns and warts.

• Lemongrass: headaches (not directly on the skin) , respiration, insect repellent. Deodorant and refreshing when used in the bath ( 3 drops only to avoid skin irritation)

• Lime: acne, asthma, chilblains, colds, dull skin, flu, varicose veins.

• Linden Blossom: Headache, insomnia, migraine, stress.

• Litsea Cubeba or May Chang: skin care, very antiseptic and deodorant. 

• Lotus: Lotus essential oil is known in all of Egyptian folklore to be the most precious oil. Historically there has been mention of blue lotus and white lotus, however these are not easily found today. This green lotus has helped many rebuild all the chakras, produce a very serene and meditative state and helped in connecting to their Higher Self and Spirit Guides. Not  usually used for aromatherapy.

• Mandarin Citrus reticulata Middle note: A yellow-orange mobile liquid with a sweet citrus scent. Refreshing aroma has an uplifting quality often used to eliminate depression and anxiety.  It brings a message of happiness, especially to children.  It is calming, helpful for insomnia, nervous tension and restlessness.Mandarin oil has similar properties to orange and tangerine oils.  Used for babies suffering from colic or hiccups.  It is a tonic to the digestive system, helping to regulate metabolic processes and aids the secretion of bile and breaking down of fats. It is useful for calming the intestines and relieving flatulence.   Mandarin is often used in combination with Neroli and wheat germ oil to help prevent stretch marks during pregnancy.Fresh, warm, soft, and mild.  Antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive, ,diuretic (mild), laxative (mild), sedative, stimulant (to digestive and lymphatic systems), and tonic. Key qualities are warming, comforting, soothing, and uplifting. One of the oils that are safe to use during pregnancy, tonic, stimulant, calming, can be used on children. Prevents stretch marks if used regularly during pregnancy. Non-toxic, non-irritant, no sensitising, but slightly phototoxic.  Best to dilute before using.

• Malaleuca: anti-infectious, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antiviral, anti-parasitic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, immune stimulating, decongestant, neurotonic, and analgesic.  

• Manuka: (Leptospermum scoparium): excellent antiseptic for use on the skin, acne and on oily skin, insecticide, against fungal problems colds, catarrh, sinusitis and bronchitis.  

• Marigold (Calendula officinalis): reduce old scars, varicose veins and ulcers. 

• Marjoram: for sprains, colds insomnia, warming affect. Local circulation helps muscles after heavy exercise. Also for arthritis. 

• May Chang: Acne, indigestion. Avoid with glaucoma. May have a hormone-like action. Avoid in prostatic hyperplasia. Avoid with sensitive, diseased or damaged skin. Do not administer to children.

• Meadowsweet: Contains salicylic acid (Asprin) anti inflammatory and mildly sedative.

• Myrrh Commiphora myrrha Base Note: The oil is a play yellow to amber, oily liquid.  Has a warm, rich spicy balsamic odour that is long lasting.  Key qualities are purifying, uplifting, revitalising,  sedative (to nervous system), and restorative. Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-phlogistic ,antiseptic, astringent, balsamic, carminative, cicatrizant, expectorant, fungicidal, sedative, stimulant, stomachic, tonic,  uterine, vulnerary. Active constituents: Herabolene, limonene, dipentene, pinene, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde, cadinene. Thought to enhance spirituality and may be used in an oil burner or inhaled directly.  Valuable aid  emotionally or spiritually. Helps to lift feelings of weakness and apathy and cools heated emotions. Prevents infection and putrefaction,  clears toxins and promotes tissue repair.  It is an excellent expectorant for coughs, bronchitis, colds and also sooths the mucous membranes.  It generates warmth and stimulates the stomach, as a useful remedy for treating diarrhoea, flatulence, abdominal distension and poor appetite.  As a tincture,can be used as a mouthwash or gargle for mouth ulcers, inflammation of the mouth (stomatitis) and pyorrhoea. Is a uterine stimulant and promotes menstruation and relieves painful periods.  It may even be used for assisting prolonged and difficult labour during childbirth.  On the skin, myrrh is renowned for its revitalizing effects on aging skin and wrinkles.  It helps to reduce boils, skin ulcers, cracked heels, weeping eczema, athlete's foot and wounds.

• Melissa: botanical name for lemon balm Soothing to body and mind, calming, regulates menstrual cycle. Relieves asthma and colds. Good remedy for shock. Helps lower blood pressure. 

• Mimosa: not actually an oil but an absolute. Anti-depressant and de-stressing. Can be used on sensitive people.

• Myrtle: antiseptic and bactericidal, suitable for children's coughs as chest rub.  Reduces haemorrhoids used for skincare and can be used on elderly people. 

• Neroli: depression, frigidity, insomnia, mature skin, scars, shock, stress, stretch marks.  Treatment for shock.. Can be used during pregnancy. Made from Orange flower petals requiring considerable amount of flowers to produce a very small amount of oil, hence the oil is very expensive. a 2ml bootle costs about £10 and a 30 ml nearly £100.

• Niaouli: Same family as Tee Tree and Cajeput but not a skin irritant. Good for cystitis and other urinary infections.  Good antiseptic for use on minor wounds and burns used neat. Also used for acne, chest rub for respiratory infections. Powerful stimulant. Used in conjunction with radiation therapy for cancer applied before the session for protection against burning.

• Nutmeg: arthritis, constipation, fatigue, muscle aches, nausea,  circulation, rheumatism,  digestion, winter warming

• Orange: colds, constipation, dull skin, flatulence, flu, gums, mouth, digestion, stress, insomnia.

• Oregano.(Wild Marjoram): Powerful emmenagogue not to be used during pregnancy severe skin irritant. Not normally used in aromatherapy.

• Palmarosa: antiseptic used for acne stimulating, skincare oil, also used in hand creams.

• Poplar: an oil recently available to Aromatherapists. Has very goof anti-inflammatory properties.

• Parsley: arthritis, cellulites, cystitis, frigidity, griping pains, indigestion, rheumatism, toxic build-up

• Patchouli: acne, athlete's foot, chapped skin, dermatitis, eczema, fatigue, frigidity, hair care, insect repellent, mature skin, oily skin, stress.

• Pettigrain: antidepressant, lifting, calming, soothing, good for acne and dandruff with a few drops in the final rinse. Comforting in convalescence. 

• Peppermint: for quick energy or migraine treatment, colds and 'flu. Used in cold compress with lavender to relieve headaches. Cooling affect for feverish conditions.

• Pimento: Deeply warming, relieves vomiting and intestinal spasms when massaged on stomach (very dilute potential skin irritant).

• Pine (needles): Treatment of respiratory problems including pneumonia, colds, sinusitis and sore throats, stimulating and relief of muscular pain. Also used as deodorant. 

• Plai: healing and anti inflammatory. Plai has long been regarded by Thai massage therapists as one of those oils necessary to combat joint and muscle problems. Plai is of the same family as ginger but different properties and more intense actions. the only essential oil known to relieve pain. See below.

• Ravensara:  Safe multi action oil for respiratory infections, sinusitis and catarrh, expectorant, also cold sores, shingles and genital herpes. muscle relaxant and analgesic, good for joint pains and muscular tension. Mentally and physically stimulating.

• Rosemary: for gout, headaches and aches and pains. Can increase blood pressure.

• Rose: depression, eczema, frigidity, mature skin, menopause, stress, the woman's oil for women's problems

• Rose Otto:  Rosa damascena/Bulgaria, Russia, Turkey/Flower. Rose oil is one of the oldest and best known of all the essential oils. Known as otto of rose or attar of rose, the fragrance is associated with love. It is warm, intense, immensely rich and rosy. It is used in perfumes to lend beauty and depth. A drop or two in a massage, facial or bath oil is luxurious and soothing. The oil is used in skin creams, powders and lotions. Aromatherapy benefits: romantic, supportive, gently uplifting.

• Rosewood: Aniba rosedora  Is a colourless to pale yellow colour with a sweet, woody-floral fragrance that has a hint of spice and a slight odour.  Its key qualities are warming, comforting, and pleasing.   Analgesic (mild), anticonvulsant, anti-depressant, antimicrobial, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, bactericidal, cellular stimulant, cephalic, deodorant, immune system stimulant, tissue regenerator, and tonic. Active constituents:  a-pinene, camphene, geraniol, neral, geranial, myrcene, limonene, 1,8-cineole, linalool, benzaldehyde, linalool oxides, a-terpineol. Rosewood is uplifting and enlivening with an overall balancing impact on the mind and spirit.  Used when feeling weary and over-burdened with problems.  It can also aid with headaches due to nervous tension and stress.  Its calming effect it does not induce drowsiness. Rosewood has limited physical therapeutic properties, but it is a very good addition to most massage and bath oils.  It is antibacterial and makes a good deodorant and immune stimulant. Nontoxic, nonirritant, non-sensitizing.

• Rosehip: Rosehip seed oil can be used as a carrier oil or as a massage oil in its own right for skin problems.

• Sandalwood Santalum album Middle/Top note: The oil is a pale yellow, greenish or brownish colour, dry-woody, amber, balsamic, musky, oriental, sensual, masculine, tenacious, and warming scent.  .  Sandalwood's key qualities are soothing, relaxing, aphrodisiac, uplifting,  purifying, warming, grounding, opening, elevating, and calming to the nervous system. Properties:  Antidepressant, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, astringent,  bactericidal,  carminative, cicatrisant, ,diuretic, expectorant, fungicidal, insecticide, sedative, tonic. The primary constituents:  Santalols, santyl acetate, santalenes. The essential oil has a pronounced effect on the mucous membranes of the genito-urinary tract and the pulmonary tracks that is often used for chronic infections in these areas.  It is often recommend in treating catarrh and dry coughs.  Relieves intestinal spasms and inflammation and is used in the treatment of chronic and acute diarrhoea.  Is calming and harmonising, helping to reduce tension and confusion.  Remedy for nervous depression, fear, stress, and a hectic lifestyle. 

• Sage: for catarrh, rheumatism and arthritis but to be used with care as it can have side affects.  Better to use Clary Sage. Can cause menstrual bleeding.

• Saville Lavender ( Lavandula luisieri): Similar to other Lavenders, being evaluated by Aromatherapists but softens the skin, for tight muscles and stiff joints

• Scotch Pine Pinus sylvestris Middle note: The oil is a colourless or pale yellow with a strong, dry-balsamic odour. The key qualities are strengthening, cleansing, restorative, reviving, refreshing, stimulant (nerve), and soothing (mental).  Antimicrobial, anti-neuralgic, anti-rheumatic, antiscorbutic, antiseptic, antiviral, bactericidal, balsamic, cholagogue, choleretic, deodorant, diuretic, expectorant, hypertensive, insecticide, restorative, rubefacient, stimulant (circulatory and nervous system), vermifuge. Main constituents: Pinene, Limonene, Borneol, Bornyl Acetate, Cineole, Camphene, Myrcene, Phellandrene.  Used as an inhalation, scotch pine oil is great for general debility and mental fatigue.  Cleansing and invigorating, promoting feelings of energy and well-being.  Helpful for nervous exhaustion and stress-related conditions and regenerates a tired mind. The antiseptic and expectorant properties are helpful in cases of asthma, bronchitis, laryngitis, and influenza.  Used for overcoming mental, physical and sexual fatigue, chills and poor appetite.  It is effective in treating cystitis, hepatitis and prostate problems, reduces inflammation of the gall bladder and gall stones, and stimulates the adrenal glands.  It stimulates circulation and with its warming properties relieves rheumatism, gout, sciatica and arthritis.  Use in compresses when these conditions are very painful. Do not use this oil if there are allergic skin conditions.  It is a skin irritant in concentration.  Use in low dilutions only. Not for use during pregnancy.  Do not use in high concentrations.

• Spike Lavender: a more penetrating form of lavender. Antibacterial, antiviral. To be used with caution.

• Spikenard Nardostachys jatamansi Strengthening, rejuvenating and unifying. Known in biblical times as Nard, this oil was used in religious ceremonies as it was believed to instil inner peace and nourish the soul. It is used in aromatherapy today to relax states of agitation and to rejuvenate mature skin. It is an effective oil to prevent premature ageing of the skin.

• Spikenard or Nard: balancing effect on menstrual cycle, Helps in treating allergic skin reactions and rashes and cellulite. Particularly valuable for use on mature skin. Deeply relaxing.

• St John's Wart: healing and soothing, has been used for battle wounds.  Good for minor burns insect bites and stings.

• Tagetes (Tagetes minuta): a toxic oil sometimes used for the treatment of corns, verrucas.  Not recommended for massage.

• Tagetes (Tagetes glandulifera): as above but Antifungal and cleansing. Tagetes has an unusual fruity-herbaceous aroma and is an oil favoured by athletes who use it on their feet. Not recommended for massage.

• Thyme: treatment of colds coughs and 'flu. Disinfectant.  Used in the bath for insomnia and hair rinses. For treatment of lethargy, fatigue, depression and rheumatic pain. Not to be used on people with high blood pressure.

• Tangerine: for an uplift and a safe oil for babies and pregnant women. Prevents and reduces stretch marks.

• Tea Tree (or Ti Tree): strong disinfectant, acne, athlete's foot, chicken pox, cold sores, colds, corns, cuts, flu, insect bites, itching, migraine, oily skin, ringworm, sinusitis, sores, spots, urethritis, warts, whooping cough.

• Tulsi / Holy Basil Ocimum sanctum holy: Similar to Basil above. A very pleasant, slightly sweet, woody scent. Colourless to light yellow. Restorative, tonic, antidepressant, refreshing, uplifting, fortifying, purifying, clearing, warming, and cephalic. Analgesic, antidepressant, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cephalic, diaphoretic, digestive, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, nervine, sudorific, immune stimulant. Antispasmodic properties beneficial to the respiratory system and aids sinus congestion, asthma, bronchitis, influenza, or whooping cough. Beneficial for all types of fevers. Has been combined with black pepper for malarial fever. Stimulates the lungs and expels phlegm and relieves wheezing. It is best if used for conditions when there is fatigue, cold and/or depression present. Useful for digestive disorders such as vomiting, gastric spasms, nausea, dyspepsia and hiccups. Can be mixed with a carrier oil and used to gently massage over the stomach or chest to ease discomfort.  Benefits the respiratory tract.  anti-fungal.  Clears liver toxins and cools fevers.Good for tired, overworked muscles and can be used by athletes, dancers, and others involved in strenuous physical activities.  It also balances emotions, dispels fear and sadness. A fresh, invigorating oil for calming and grounding, clearing the mind and aiding in concentration, especially when tired or intellectually fatigued. Ideal after stressful days especially when added to the bath. Those with sensitive skin, however, should dilute the oil first or use minimal amounts. Used on the skin to help oily skin and acne in a carrier oil or skin cream or lotion. Avoid in pregnancy.  Always dilute and use in moderation.  Works well for diffusers.

• Verbena: reduces stress levels, digestive stimulant,  stomachic, and antispasmodic.

• Vetivert:  acne, arthritis, cuts, depression, exhaustion, insomnia, muscular aches, oily skin, rheumatism, sores, stress. Can be used in the bath. 

• Violet Leaf:  antiseptic, used for treating skin problems rheumatism, headaches, catarrh, coughs and difficult breathing. Pain killing qualities (contains salicylic acid).

• Wild Tansy: (Tanacetum Vulgare):  very supportive of the immune system. It encourages an up lifting feeling, a positive attitude and a general feeling of well-being. It is antiviral, anti-infectious, antibacterial, fights colds, flu and infections. wild Idaho tansy may help with weak veins, promote suppressed menstruation, improve weakness of the kidneys, tuberculosis, heart disorders, palpitations, sciatica, rheumatism, inflammation, sprains, bruises, freckles, sunburn, toothache, inflamed eyes, colds, flu, gout, dyspepsia, jaundice, stomach sickness, diarrhea, soothes the bowels and tones the entire system

• Wintergreen: This oil was once an important perfumery and flavoring material, It has been used in toothpastes, chewing gum, sweets and baked goods. It can be harmful if too much is consumed because of its methyl salicylate content. As little as one teaspoon of pure oil can be fatal if ingested by a child therefore not generally recommended for Aromatherapy. Aromatherapy benefits: refreshing, bracing, invigorating.

• Yarrow: (Achilea millefolium) fever, hair care, haemorrhoids, hypertension, indigestion, insomnia, migraine, scars, stretch marks, varicose veins, wounds.

• Yuzu (Citrus junos): Uplifting, refreshing and fortifying. Yuzu is a citrus fruit that resembles a small orange, and yields an oil by cold expression of the rind. Yuzu is grown in Japan and has been used in their traditional herbal medicines for thousands of years as a panacea for almost everything. In action it is similar to Bergamot, and has a truly unique, fresh and citrus fragrance. 

• Ylang-ylang: for anxiety, depression and as a tonic. Aphrodisiac and sedative. Slows down fast heartbeat and breathing.

Ylang-ylang, Spice Gardens, Penang, Malaysia Feb 04

• Zdravetz: a new oil to aromatherapy, aphrodisiac, blends well with other oils using its base note properties and is used in perfumery. 

Some oils are very expensive 10ml of Rose Oil costs £60  and Neroli £40 wholesale as both are made from rose and orange petals respectively. ( Up to 3,200 pounds of roses are used to produce one ounce of this oil. )

 

See also:      

http://www.aworldofaromatherapy.com/essential-oils-body.htm - oils recommended for various conditions

http://www.quinessence.com/essential_oils.htm

http://www.ascendinglight.com/ Provides a very good summary of oils and their uses despite the spellings

http://www.fragrant.demon.co.uk/aroma2.html 

http://www.fragrant.demon.co.uk/aroma3.html  

http://www.aworldofaromatherapy.com/essential-oils-atoz.htm

http://www.essential--oils.co.uk/

http://www.aromaweb.com/

 

 

Safety Warning!

 

The above data is not complete. It has been compiled from books coursework and other literature that may not be correct. Oils should never be used on sensitive areas or genitals without guidance from a trained Aromatherapist.  Oils for massage must always be used diluted with carrier oil.  If used  in a bath mix the oil into the water before entering and never use more than 8 drops. Some may be used directly onto the skin with care.  These include Lavender, Niaouli and Plai. 

 

Oils must not  to taken internally unless under the guidance of an Aromatherapist.  However two or three drops of Lemon or Ginger is (say) a stir fry will enhance the flavour and not cause any ill affects and a few drops of Orange can be used in mulled wine. However never take an undiluted oil internally. 

 

Most oils are perfectly safe and have great benefits for our health and well-being.  It is recommended that you consult a trained aromatherapist or consult the recommended literature before using essential oils. 

 

Oils NOT TO BE USED in Aromatherapy: Almond (Bitter), Aniseed, Boldo Leaf, Calamus, Camphor (Brown and Yellow), Cassia, Cinnamon Bark,  Costus, lecampane, Fennel (Bitter), Horseradish, Jaborandi Leaf, Mugwort (Armoise), Mustard, Oreganum, Pennyroyal, Pine (Dwarf), Rue, Sassafras, Savin, Savory, Southernwood, Tansy, Thuja, Wintergreen, Wormseed, Wormwood.

 

PREGNANCY The following oils should not be used during pregnancy: Basil, Cedarwood, Clary Sage, Fennel, Jasmine, Juniper, Marjoram, Myrrh, Nutmeg, Parsley Seed, Peppermint, Rosemary and Thyme. Lavender, Chamomile and Rose should be avoided during the first four months, and after that used only as a 1% dilution.

 

SKIN IRRITANTS: These oils may irritate the skin when used in the bath.   Fennel, Lemon, lemongrass, Melissa, Peppermint, Pine Needle, Thyme, Tea Tree. (Fennel may also affect some people when used for massage. Do not use a dilution stronger than 2%).

 

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE:  The following oils should not be used by or for anybody suffering from high blood pressure: Rosemary, Thyme.

EPILEPSY:  The following oils should be avoided: Camphor, Fennel, Hyssop, Sage, Rosemary.

 

Other ways of using essential oils:

(From http://www.oscoda.net/bluemoon/aroma-frame.html)

Bath  or Sauna: 10-15 drops in warm water. Put drops into the water immediately before entering. Gently stir the water to disperse the oil. For sauna, dilute the oil with 90% water and spray on rocks or into the air.

Compress: Put 3-5 drops into a hot or cold basin of water. Cold water contracts the tissues and warm water relaxes the tissues. Fold up a clean cloth and dip it into the water. Squeeze out the excess water. Apply immediately to the painful area.

Facial Steam: One drop of oil per cup of boiling water. Put the drops into the basin after the water is drawn. Gently stir the water to disperse the oil. Immediately place a towel over your head and move your face as close to the aromatic steam as is comfortable.

Inhalation: Recommended for respiratory problems, colds, headaches, sinuses, and coughs. Use 3 to 5 drops of an essential oil on a tissue or handkerchief. Hold it under your nose and then breathe deeply.

Environmental Fragrance: Electric diffusers are a simple and effective way to fragrance a room for aesthetic and therapeutic benefits. Do not use carrier oils in diffusers as they will clog and not disperse. Use essential oils alone or use synergies of pure essential oils. Diffusers eliminate the need for aerosol fresheners.

50 ways of using essential oils

Recommended reading:

Patricia Davies - Aromatherapy an A-Z,  C. W. Daniel ISBN 0 85207 295 3 £12.99 

Valerie Ann Worwood - The Fragrant Pharmacy - Bantam Books ISBN 0 553 40397 4 £8.99

You can order oils from Essentially Oils at Chipping Norton: www.essentiallyoils.com

More information on essential oils http://www.kevala.co.uk/aromatherapy/remedies.cfm